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The Tasmanian or Palawa languages were the languages indigenous to the island of Tasmania. The languages were last used for daily communication in the 1830s. The last full-blooded Tasmanian died on Flinders Island in 1888, but a Tasmanian ''lingua franca'' continued to be used until 1905, with the death of the last known speaker, Fanny Cochrane Smith. Tasmanian Aborigines today speak English. Tasmanian languages are attested by three dozen word lists, the most extensive being those of Joseph Milligan〔J. Milligan, 1859. ''Vocabulary of the Aboriginal Tribes of Tasmania'', vol. III of the ''Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van Dieman's Land''. Hobart.〕 and George Augustus Robinson. All these show a poor grasp of the sounds of Tasmanian, which appear to have been fairly typical of Australian languages in this parameter. Plomley (1976) presents all the lexical data available to him in 1976. Crowley and Dixon (1981) summarise what little is known of Tasmanian phonology and grammar. Bowern (2012) teases apart the mixture of languages in many of the lists and attempts to classify them into language families. Little is known of the languages and no relationship to other languages is demonstrable. It appears that there were several language families on Tasmania, which would be in keeping with the long period of human habitation on the island. Joseph Greenberg proposed an Indo-Pacific superfamily which includes Tasmanian along with Andamanese and Papuan (but not Australian). This is not accepted by historical linguists.〔Blench: Classifications of the Tasmanian languages in relation to the peopling of Australia: sensible and wild theories ()〕 Fanny Cochrane Smith recorded a series of wax cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, the only existing audio recording of a Tasmanian language, though they are of extremely poor quality, and the ''lingua franca'' Smith spoke was likely not pure Tasmanian. In 1972, a woman in Hobart shared with Terry Crowley one sentence and a few words that had been handed down for generations.〔Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, and Maria Polinsky. The Atlas of Languages. New York: Facts on File. Page 116.〕 From these sources, Tasmanian people are seeking to recover their lost languages and traditions.〔 The largest language revival project to date is the Palawa kani project. ==Languages and language families== Based on short wordlists, it appears that there were anywhere from five to sixteen languages on Tasmania,〔Crowley, ''Field Linguistics,'' 2007:3〕 related to each other in perhaps four language families.〔Claire Bowern, September 2012, "The riddle of Tasmanian languages", ''Proc. R. Soc. B'', 279, 4590–4595, doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1842〕 There are historical records as well that indicate the languages were not mutually intelligible, and that a ''lingua franca'' was necessary for communication after resettlement on Flinders' Island. J.B. Walker, who visited the island in 1832 and 1834, reported that, Reports from the subsequent settlement at Oyster Cove were similar: Schmidt (1952)〔W. Schmidt, 1952. ''Die Tasmanischen Sprachen.'' Utrecht and Antwerp.〕 distinguished five languages in the word lists: *Eastern Tasmanian languages * *North-East * *East: East Central (Oyster Bay), South-East *Western Tasmanian languages * *North Coast * *West Coast The Eastern languages seem to share a common vocabulary, and use the nominal particle ''na''. The Western languages use ''leā'' instead of ''na''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tasmanian languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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